Theory of Mind Inventory (ToMI)

Report

Client ID: B.R. (dad of P.R.)
Age: 9 years, 8 months
Gender: Male

COMPOSITE SCORE

Composite Mean 12.5 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=100, SD=15)
75.1
Percentile 1st

EARLY ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 16.3 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
30.7
Percentile 1st
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
3 early empathy 15.09 / 11th
6 discrimination of basic emotions 17.47 / 18th
24 intentionality 9.91 / 1st
25 basic positive emotion recognition (happy) 17.36 / 11th
28 social referencing: reading fear 13.25 / 4th
37 joint attention: initiating 19.98 / 73rd *
38 joint attention: responding 20.00 / 74th *
43 gaze following 14.74 / 4th
44 social referencing: ambiguous situation 5.29 / 8th
48 basic negative emotion recognition (sad) 20.00 / 79th *
49 basic negative emotion recognition (mad) 20.00 / 74th *
50 basic negative emotion recognition (scared) 15.43 / 9th - 10th
54 mental state term comprehension: early desire (want) 20.00 / 80th *
59 desire-based emotion 20.00 / 96th *

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.

BASIC ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 14.5 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
28
Percentile 1st
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
1 physiologically-based behavior 14.78 / 1st
4 emotion-based behavior 12.81 / 1st
7 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (think) 17.70 / 15th
8 false beliefs: unexpected location 18.01 / 11th
9 seeing leads to knowing 15.02 / 12th
10 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (know) 20.00 / 77th *
11 appearance-reality distinction 14.64 / 5th
12 false beliefs: unexpected contents 17.77 / 9th
15 certainty 17.36 / 33rd - 34th
16 mental-physical distinction 10.05 / 1st
26 pretense: engaging in pretense 17.74 / 15th
29 counterfactual reasoning 12.53 / 5th
30 pretense: understanding pretense in others 18.38 / 18th
31 tactical deception 13.86 / 13th
32 cognitive emotion recognition (disgust) 9.74 / 1st
33 speech acts: performatives (promises) 20.00 / 69th *
35 pragmatics: secrets 7.47 / 1st
39 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (belief) 18.01 / 19th - 20th
42 attribute-based behavior 14.47 / 6th
51 cognitive emotion recognition (surprise) 7.84 / 1st
53 mental state term comprehension: desire (need) 19.91 / 52nd - 53rd
57 future thinking (self) 2.77 / 1st
60 belief-based emotion 12.91 / 1st

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.

ADVANCED ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 8.2 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
26.1
Percentile 1st
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
2 pragmatics: verbal irony 18.25 / 21st
5 second-order false desire attribution 5.09 / 1st
13 pragmatics: idiomatic language 18.01 / 8th
14 pragmatics: lie-telling by others 12.70 / 9th
17 emotion recognition: display rules 15.70 / 20th
18 pragmatics: complex social judgment 5.32 / 1st
19 pragmatics: white lies 14.27 / 7th
20 pragmatics: lies versus jokes 14.88 / 23rd
21 visual perspective-taking (level 2) 5.29 / 3rd
22 second order understanding of belief 2.33 / 1st
23 second order understanding of emotion 2.43 / 1st
27 complex social judgment 4.98 / 2nd
34 true empathy 5.36 / 1st
36 pragmatics: humor (play on words) 5.26 / 1st
40 interpretive theory of mind: biased cognition 2.98 / 1st
41 interpretive theory of mind: ambiguous figure perception 4.10 / 1st
45 pragmatics: audience adaptation 7.16 / 6th
46 mixed emotions 13.21 / 15th
47 common sense: social knowledge 4.54 / 1st
52 complex emotion recognition (embarrassed) 5.15 / 1st
55 complex emotion recognition (guilt) 2.13 / 1st
56 emotional introspection 3.79 / 1st
58 situation-based disambiguation of emotion 15.05 / 14th - 15th

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.

EMOTION RECOGNITION ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 13.1 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
28.1
Percentile 1st
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
6 discrimination of basic emotions 17.47 / 18th
17 emotion recognition: display rules 15.70 / 20th
25 basic positive emotion recognition (happy) 17.36 / 11th
32 cognitive emotion recognition (disgust) 9.74 / 1st
48 basic negative emotion recognition (sad) 20.00 / 79th *
49 basic negative emotion recognition (mad) 20.00 / 74th *
50 basic negative emotion recognition (scared) 15.43 / 9th - 10th
51 cognitive emotion recognition (surprise) 7.84 / 1st
52 complex emotion recognition (embarrassed) 5.15 / 1st
55 complex emotion recognition (guilt) 2.13 / 1st

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.

MENTAL STATE TERM COMPREHENSION ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 19.3 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
52.3
Percentile 54th
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
7 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (think) 17.70 / 15th
10 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (know) 20.00 / 77th *
33 speech acts: performatives (promises) 20.00 / 69th *
39 mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (belief) 18.01 / 19th - 20th
53 mental state term comprehension: desire (need) 19.91 / 52nd - 53rd
54 mental state term comprehension: early desire (want) 20.00 / 80th *

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.

PRAGMATICS ToM SUBSCALE

Subscale Mean 11.5 (of 20)
Standard Score
(Mean=50, SD=10)
25.3
Percentile 1st
# Measure Score (raw/percentile)
2 pragmatics: verbal irony 18.25 / 21st
13 pragmatics: idiomatic language 18.01 / 8th
14 pragmatics: lie-telling by others 12.70 / 9th
18 pragmatics: complex social judgment 5.32 / 1st
19 pragmatics: white lies 14.27 / 7th
20 pragmatics: lies versus jokes 14.88 / 23rd
35 pragmatics: secrets 7.47 / 1st
36 pragmatics: humor (play on words) 5.26 / 1st
45 pragmatics: audience adaptation 7.16 / 6th

* indicates the median percentile within a range of percentiles that are associated with the raw score for this item. This is common when raw scores approach 20 and when high scores are frequent in the normative sample.


Intra-ToM Cognitive Profile Analysis


Table for Treatment Planning: Strength and challenge areas in a developmental context

Probably Not Developed

(parental rating between 0 and 7)

Undecided

(parental rating between 7 and 13)

Probably Developed

(parental rating between 13 and 20)

Item score high for age

(at least one standard deviation above the mean)

* Should not occur: raw scores between 0-7 will not be 1 SD above the mean

Treatment is NOT recommended for these areas. Items in this category are of clinical interest in that they may represent an area of ToM strength.

Treatment is NOT recommended for these areas. Items in this category are of clinical interest in that they may represent an area of ToM strength.

Item score typical for age

(within one standard deviation of the mean)

Treatment is NOT recommended for these areas. The parent believes this aspect is not developed but the item score is in the normative range. Thus, this aspect of ToM is not yet expected given the child's age.

Treatment is NOT recommended for these areas. The parent is undecided as to whether this skill is developed but the item score is in the normative range. Thus, this aspect is not necessarily expected to be mastered given the child's age and it may even be emerging.

Treatment is NOT recommended for these areas. The parent believes this aspect is developed and the item score is in the normative range. Thus, this aspect is expected given the child's age.

  • 2 - pragmatics: verbal irony
  • 6 - discrimination of basic emotions
  • 10 - mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (know)
  • 15 - certainty
  • 17 - emotion recognition: display rules
  • 20 - pragmatics: lies versus jokes
  • 26 - pretense: engaging in pretense
  • 30 - pretense: understanding pretense in others
  • 33 - speech acts: performatives (promises)
  • 37 - joint attention: initiating
  • 38 - joint attention: responding
  • 39 - mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (belief)
  • 46 - mixed emotions
  • 48 - basic negative emotion recognition (sad)
  • 49 - basic negative emotion recognition (mad)
  • 53 - mental state term comprehension: desire (need)
  • 54 - mental state term comprehension: early desire (want)
  • 58 - situation-based disambiguation of emotion
  • 59 - desire-based emotion

Item score low for age

(at least one standard deviation below the mean)

Treatment in these areas could be pursued, however, caregiver confidence in the presence of this ToM knowledge area is low or very low: competence is not readily apparent, is not actualized, or may exist primarily as a potential. As such, clinicians should consider whether these aspects of ToM are developmentally appropriate targets for intervention. Advanced skills may be unlikely to benefit from intervention directed at this competency at this time. When clinicians target these items, they are encouraged to focus on early and foundational ToM competencies. The clinician might also consider basic level skills as appropriate.

  • 5 - second-order false desire attribution
  • 18 - pragmatics: complex social judgment
  • 21 - visual perspective-taking (level 2)
  • 22 - second order understanding of belief
  • 23 - second order understanding of emotion
  • 27 - complex social judgment
  • 34 - true empathy
  • 36 - pragmatics: humor (play on words)
  • 40 - interpretive theory of mind: biased cognition
  • 41 - interpretive theory of mind: ambiguous figure perception
  • 44 - social referencing: ambiguous situation
  • 47 - common sense: social knowledge
  • 52 - complex emotion recognition (embarrassed)
  • 55 - complex emotion recognition (guilt)
  • 56 - emotional introspection
  • 57 - future thinking (self)

Treatment in these areas could be pursued. Especially good candidates may be those areas that are foundational to other, more advanced areas of ToM development. For these items, the caregiver is undecided about child competency which may reflect inconsistent child performance or partial acquisition of a ToM skill. This is generally considered a good starting point for intervention as it suggests some degree of understanding of this ToM aspect. There is potential that training in this area will provide opportunities for meaningful growth.

  • 4 - emotion-based behavior
  • 14 - pragmatics: lie-telling by others
  • 16 - mental-physical distinction
  • 24 - intentionality
  • 29 - counterfactual reasoning
  • 32 - cognitive emotion recognition (disgust)
  • 35 - pragmatics: secrets
  • 45 - pragmatics: audience adaptation
  • 51 - cognitive emotion recognition (surprise)
  • 60 - belief-based emotion

Treatment in these areas could be pursued. For these items, the caregiver is indicating that the competency is probably (but not definitely) present although this level of certainty is below that of the normative sample. In short, these areas can be viewed as relative deficits insofar at the normative score is low for the child's age but at the same time, these are also relative strength areas insofar as the raw score is relatively high. Thus, these areas could be a priority for intervention especially when the area is seen as foundational to current and later success or the goal of intervention is to establish competency in this area more consistently (across time, contexts).

  • 1 - physiologically-based behavior
  • 3 - early empathy
  • 7 - mental state term comprehension: cognitive terms (think)
  • 8 - false beliefs: unexpected location
  • 9 - seeing leads to knowing
  • 11 - appearance-reality distinction
  • 12 - false beliefs: unexpected contents
  • 13 - pragmatics: idiomatic language
  • 19 - pragmatics: white lies
  • 25 - basic positive emotion recognition (happy)
  • 28 - social referencing: reading fear
  • 31 - tactical deception
  • 42 - attribute-based behavior
  • 43 - gaze following
  • 50 - basic negative emotion recognition (scared)